Jangan Pergi - Princess

aku bermimpi dirimu diriku akan bertemu
di malam ini kau datang kau bawa bunga terindah
oh pangeran dimana kamu, aku ingin ketemu

yang aku ingin hanyalah dirimu saja
hanyalah cintamu sayang kembalilah kepadaku
jangan kau pergi, tunggulah sebentar saja
kita kan bersama lagi seperti di saat kita satu

dulu kau pernah pernah berjanji
suatu saat kita akan kembali
apakah kau akan menepati janjimu itu
aku di sini menunggumu untuk menjemputku

oh pangeran dimana kamu, aku ingin ketemu

yang aku ingin hanyalah dirimu saja
hanyalah cintamu sayang kembalilah kepadaku
jangan kau pergi, tunggulah sebentar saja
kita kan bersama lagi seperti di saat kita satu

aku dan kamu bisa menjalin cinta kembali

 yang aku ingin hanyalah dirimu saja
hanyalah cintamu sayang kembalilah kepadaku
jangan kau pergi, tunggulah sebentar saja
kita kan bersama lagi seperti di saat kita satu

Arthritis

What is arthritis? What causes arthritis?

Arthritis is a joint disorder featuring inflammation. A joint is an area of the body where two different bones meet. A joint functions to move the body parts connected by its bones. Arthritis literally means inflammation of one or more joints.

Arthritis is frequently accompanied by joint pain. Joint pain is referred to as arthralgia.

There are many types of arthritis (over 100 identified, and the number is growing). The types range from those related to wear and tear of cartilage (such as osteoarthritis) to those associated with inflammation resulting from an overactive immune system (such asrheumatoid arthritis). Together, the many types of arthritis make up the most common chronic illness in the United States.

The causes of arthritis depend on the form of arthritis. Causes include injury (leading to osteoarthritis), metabolic abnormalities (such as gout andpseudogout), hereditary factors, the direct and indirect effect of infections (bacterial and viral), and a misdirected immune system with autoimmunity (such as in rheumatoid arthritis andsystemic lupus erythematosus).

Arthritis is classified as one of the rheumatic diseases. These are conditions that are different individual illnesses, with differing features, treatments, complications, and prognoses. They are similar in that they have a tendency to affect the joints, muscles, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons, and many have the potential to affect other internal body areas.

What are arthritis symptoms and signs?

Symptoms of arthritis include pain and limited function of joints. Inflammation of the joints from arthritis is characterized by joint stiffness, swelling, redness, and warmth. Tenderness of the inflamed joint can be present.

Many of the forms of arthritis, because they are rheumatic diseases, can cause symptoms affecting various organs of the body that do not directly involve the joints. Therefore, symptoms in some patients with certain forms of arthritis can also include fever, gland swelling (swollen lymph nodes),weight loss, fatigue, feeling unwell, and even symptoms from abnormalities of organs such as the lungs, heart, or kidneys.

Who is affected by arthritis?

Arthritis sufferers include men and women, children and adults. Approximately 350 million people worldwide have arthritis. Nearly 40 million people in the United States are affected by arthritis, including over a quarter million children!

More than 27 million Americans have osteoarthritis. Approximately 1.3 million Americans suffer from rheumatoid arthritis.

More than half of those with arthritis are under 65 years of age. Nearly 60% of Americans with arthritis are women.

How is arthritis diagnosed, and why is a diagnosis important?

The first step in the diagnosis of arthritis is a meeting between the doctor and the patient. The doctor will review the history of symptoms, examine the joints for inflammation and deformity, as well as ask questions about or examine other parts of the body for inflammation or signs of diseases that can affect other body areas. Furthermore, certain blood, urine, joint fluid, and/or X-ray tests might be ordered. The diagnosis will be based on the pattern of symptoms, the distribution of the inflamed joints, and any blood and X-ray findings. Several visits may be necessary before the doctor can be certain of the diagnosis. A doctor with special training in arthritis and related diseases is called a rheumatologist (see below).

Many forms of arthritis are more of an annoyance than serious. However, millions of people suffer daily with pain and disability from arthritis or its complications.

Earlier and accurate diagnosis can help to prevent irreversible damage and disability. Properly guided programs of exercise and rest, medications, physical therapy, and surgery options can idealize long-term outcomes for those with arthritis.

It should be noted that both before and especially after the diagnosis of arthritis, communication with the treating doctor is essential for optimal health. This is important from the standpoint of the doctor, so that he/she can be aware of the vagaries of the patient's symptoms as well as their tolerance of and acceptance of treatments. It is important from the standpoint of patients, so that they can be assured that they have an understanding of the diagnosis and how the condition does and might affect them. It is also crucial for the safe use of medications

What is the treatment for arthritis?

The treatment of arthritis is very dependent on the precise type of arthritis present. An accurate diagnosis increases the chances for successful treatment. Treatments available include physical therapy, splinting, cold-pack application, paraffin wax dips, anti-inflammatory medications, immune-altering medications, and surgical operations.

 

What is the national financial impact of arthritis?

It has been estimated that the total cost of the arthritis bill for the United States, in terms of hospitalization, doctor visits, medications, physical therapies, nursing-home care, lost wages, early death, and family discord is over $50 billion dollars annually.

This does not include the nearly $2 billion spent each year in the United States on unproven remedies by patients addressing their symptoms on their own.

 

 

 

What is a rheumatologist?

A rheumatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the nonsurgical treatment of rheumatic illnesses, especially arthritis. Rheumatologists have special interests in unexplained rash, fever, arthritis,anemia, weakness, weight loss, fatigue, joint or muscle pain, autoimmune disease, and anorexia. They often serve as consultants, acting like medical detectives at the request of other doctors. Rheumatologists have particular skills in the evaluation of the over 100 forms of arthritis and have special interests in rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, Still's disease, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, vasculitis, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, sarcoidosis, Lyme disease, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, back pain, gout,pseudogout, relapsing polychondritis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, serum sickness, reactive arthritis, Kawasaki disease, fibromyalgia, erythromelalgia,Raynaud's disease, growing pains, iritis, osteoporosis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and others. Classical adult rheumatology training includes four years of medical school, one year of internship in internal medicine, two years of internal-medicine residency, and two years of rheumatology fellowship. There is a subspecialty board for rheumatology certification, offered by the American Board of Internal Medicine, which can provide board certification to approved rheumatologists.

Pediatric rheumatologists are physicians who specialize in providing comprehensive care to children (as well as their families) with rheumatic diseases, especially arthritis.

Pediatric rheumatologists are pediatricians who have completed an additional two to three years of specialized training in pediatric rheumatology and are usually board-certified in pediatric rheumatology.

What is the Arthritis Foundation?

The Arthritis Foundation is the only national voluntary health organization whose purpose is directed solely to all forms of arthritis. The Arthritis Foundation has national and international programs involving support for scientific research, public information and education for affected patients and their families, training of specialists, public awareness, and local community assistance.

Local branch chapters of the Arthritis Foundation serve to disseminate information about arthritis and rheumatic diseases, as well as function as referral centers. Moreover, many of the various forms of arthritis have their own foundations that serve as information and referral resources for local communities.

Summary

It is the ultimate goal of scientific arthritis research that optimal treatment programs are designed for each of the many form of arthritis. This field will continue to evolve as improvements develop in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and related conditions.

Arthritis At A Glance

·               Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints.

·               Symptoms of arthritis include pain and limited function of joints.

·               Arthritis sufferers include men and women, children and adults.

·               A rheumatologist is a medical arthritis expert.

·               Earlier and accurate diagnosis can help to prevent irreversible damage and disability.

Trichomonas Vaginalis

TUGAS PARASITOLOGI

Tricomonas vaginalis

DISUSUN OLEH :

KELOMPOK SATU

ADI GUNAWAN                   :      A101.14.001

ANIS SUS MARLINA           :      A101.14.003

EKA ASMAWATI                 :      A101.14.015

IKA RAHMA SAFITRI          :      A101.14.022

INTAN KARTIKA SARI       :      A101.14.023

AKADEMI ANALIS KESEHATAN NASIONAL

SURAKARTA

2011

Trichomonas vaginalis

Pendahuluan

Taksonomi dan Sejarah Penemuan Trichomonas vaginalis :

          Trichomonas vaginalis, merupakan protozoa dari super-class Mastighopora (Diesing, 1866), class Zoomastigophora (Calkins, 1909), ordo Trichomonadina (Kirby, 1947), dan famili Trichomonadidae(Chalmers dan Pekola, 1918). Famili Trichomonadidae ini kemudian oleh Honiberg (1946) dibagi menjadi subfamili Trchomonadidae (dengan genus Trichomonas dan Pentatrichomonas) dan Tritrichomonadidae.

            Trichomonas vaginalis pertama kali dideskripsikan oleh Alfred Donne pada tanggal 19 September 1836 pada saat Academy of Science di Paris. Pada saat itu dikatakan bahwa ia menemukan suatu organisme yang disebutnya sebagai animalcules dari sekret segar vagina. Dan disepakati pada saat itu juga organisme ini dinamakan Trico-monas vaginale, oleh karena mirip dengan organisme dari genus Monas dan Trichodina. Dua tahun kemudian, Ehrenberg memastikan penemuan Donne dan memberikan nama pada protozoa ini yaitu Trichomonas vaginalis. Pada tahun 1884, Marchand menemukan Trichomonas vaginalis pada traktus urinarius pria. Selama 50 tahun selanjutnya, penelitian tentang Trichomonas vaginalis tidak begitu menarik perhatian para ilmuwan. Mereka lebih tertarik mempelajari diagnosis dan pengobatan gonorrhoe dan syphillis sebagai penyakit yang ditularkan melalui hubungan seksual. Dan baru pada tahun 1916 Hoehne melaporkan bahwa Trichomonas vaginalis adalah suatu flagella yang patogenik karena ia menemukan kolpitis yang disebabkan oleh Trichomonas vaginalis.

Penelitian tentang protozoa ini terus berkembang hingga pada tahun 1943 oleh Allison Trichomoniasis direkomendasikan sebagai salah satu penyebab penting penyakit yang ditularkan melalaui hubungan seksual.

Dari beberapa species Trichomonas (Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichomonas tenax, dan Pentatrichomonas hominis), yang bersifat parasit patogen pada manusia hanya Trichomonas vaginalis.

         

Morfologi dan Daur Hidup :

Trichomonas vaginalis tidak mempunyai bentuk kista. Bentuk trofozoit berukuran 7-25 mikron (kira-kira 17 mikron), mempunyai 4 flagel anterior dan satu flagel posterior yang melekat pada tepi membran bergelombang. Membran ini pendek berbentuknya dan ujungnya tidak ke luar badan sel. Membran bergelombang ini mempunyai kosta yang halus. Intinya berbentuk lonjong dan sitoplasmanya berbutir hales dengan butir-butir kromatin tersebar rata sepanjang kosta dan aksostil. Sitostom tidak nyata. Aksostil halus bentuknya dan menonjol ke luar badan. Pada wanita tempat hidup parasit ini divagina dan pada pria di uretra dan prostat. Parasit ini hidup di mukosa vagina dengan makan bakteri dan leukosit. Trichomonas vaginalis bergerak dengan cepet berputar-putar diantara sel-sel epitel dan leukosit dengan menggerakkan flagel anterior dan membrane bergelombang. Trichomonas berkembangbiak secara belah pasang longitudinal. Diluar habitatnya, parasite mati pada suhu 50°C, tetapi dapat hidup selama 5 hari pada suhu 0°C. Dalam biakan, parasite ini mati pada pH kurang dari 4,9; inilah sebabnya parasite tidak dapat hidup di sekret vagina yang asam (pH 3,8 – 4,4). Parasit ini tidak tahan pula terhadap desinfektan, zat pulasan dan antibiotik.

Infeksi terjadi secara langsung waktu bersetubuh melaluai bentuk trofozoit. Pada keadaan lingkungan sanitasi kurang baik dengan banyak orang hidup bersama dalam satu rumah, infeksi secara tidak langsung melaluai alat mandi seperti lap mandi atau alat sanitasi seperti toilet seat, pernah dilaporkan.

Gejala Klinis :

1.  Parasit ini pada wanita menyebabkan Vaginitis chronica sedangkan pada laki-laki-laki menyebabkan Uretritis chronica sebagai akibat dari Vnonisrritation.

2.  lebih sering menyerang wanita daripada laki-laki terutama pada umur antara 30-50 tahun, tetapi dapat juga menyerang bayi-bayi.

3.  Sebagai sumber reservoir adalah orang-orang wanita.

Gejala – Gejalanya :

Pada Wanita :

1.  Keluarnya scret vagina yang berlebihan

2.  Rasa gatal atau panas pada waktu kencing

3.  Pada pemeriksaan tampat mukosa yang merah atau keradangan dan dibagian tampak daerah yang putih.

Pada Laki-Laki :

1.  Tidak memberikan Gejala apa-apa

Diagnosis :

            Diagnosis berdasarkan keluhan putihan atau fluor, rasa panas dan gatal pada vulva/vagina dan adanya sekret encer, berbusa, berbau tidak sedap dan berwarna kekuning-kuningan, serta adanya bekas garukan karena gatal dan hyperemia pada vagina. Diagnosis laboratorium dibuat dengan menemukan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis dibahan sekret vagina, sekret uretra, sekret prostat dan urin. Untuk control pasca-pengobatan, pemeriksaan langsung dengan menggunakan mikroskop perlu ditunjang dengan melakukan pembiakan sekret vagina atau bahan lain dalam medium yang cocok.

Pengobatan :

Dasar pengobatan ialah memperbaiki keadaan vagina dengan membersihkan mukosa vagina dan menggunakan obat-obat per os dan lokal. Pada saat ini metronidazole merupakan obat yang efektif untuk pengobatan trikomoniasis, baik untuk pria maupun wanita untuk wanita. Dosis per os 2 x 250mg sehari selama 5-7 hari untuk suami maupun istri. Dosis lokal untuk wanita adalah 500mg metronidazol dalam bentuk tablet vagina sehari sekali selama 5-7 hari.

Epidemiologi :

Trikomoniasis vagina ditemukan dimana-mana. Suatu penelitian menunjukkan bahwa parasite ini ditemuka pada semua bangsa atau ras dan pada semua musim. Sukar untuk menemukan frekuensi penyakit ini disatu daerah atau negri, karena kebanyakan penelitian dilakukan pada golongan tertentu saja seperti golongan wanita hamil (18 – 25 % di AS ) dan dari klinik ginekologi (30 – 40% di Eropa Timur). Angka-angka untuk Indonesia yang diambil dari hasil penelitian RSCM Jakarta ialah 16% dari klinik kebidanan dan 25% dari 1146 orang wanita dari klinik ginekologi. Cara pemeriksaan yang berbeda dapat pula memberikan hasil yang berlainan. Pada pria umumnya angka-angka yang ditemukan lebih kecil, mungkin sekali oleh karena parasite lebih sukar ditemukan dan olah karena infeksi sering berlangsung tanpa gejala. Pada wanita parasite lebih sering ditemukan pada kelompok usia 20-49 tahun, berkurang pada usia muda dan usia lanjjut jarang pada anak gadis.

Untuk pencegahan karena trikomoniasis merupakan penyakit hubungan kelamin, kasus-kasus tanpa gejala pada pria perlu mendapatkan pengobatan yang tuntas. Demikian pula suami dari wanita yang menderita trikomoniasis perlu diberi pengobatan yang sama seperti istrinya sampai parasite tidak ditemukan lagi pada pembiakan kontrol.

Beautiful - Cherrybelle

• Don't cry, don't be shy
  Kamu cantik apa adanya
  Sadari syukuri dirimu sempurna
  Jangan dengarkan kata mereka
  Dirimu indah pancarkan sinarmu wo oww
  
  You are beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
  Kamu cantik cantik dari hatimu
  You are beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
  Kamu cantik cantik dari hatimu
  
  Don't cry, don't be shy
  Kamu cantik apa adanya
  Sadari syukuri dirimu sempurna
  Jangan dengarkan kata mereka
  Dirimu indah pancarkan sinarmu wo oww
  
  You are beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
  Kamu cantik cantik dari hatimu
  You are beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
  Kamu cantik cantik dari hatimu
  
  Tahukah dirimu berbeda istimewa
  Kau bisa membuat mereka jatuh cinta
  
  You are beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
  Kamu cantik cantik dari hatimu
  You are beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
  Kamu cantik cantik dari hatimu
  
  You are beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
  Kamu cantik cantik dari hatimu
  You are beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
  Kamu cantik cantik dari hatimu

Price Tag - Jessi J

[Jessie J]

Okay, Coconut man, Moon Heads and pea

You ready

Seems like everybody's got a price,

I wonder how they sleep at night.

When the sale comes first,

And the truth comes second,

Just stop for a minute and

Smile

Why is everybody so serious?

Acting so damn mysterious?

Got your shades on your eyes

And your heels so high

That you can't even have a good time

[Pre-chorus:]

Everybody look to their left (yeah)

Everybody look to their right (uh)

Can you feel that (yeah)

We're paying with love tonight

[Chorus:]

It's not about the money, money, money

We don't need your money, money, money

We just wanna make the world dance,

Forget about the price tag

Ain't about the (uh) Cha-Ching Cha-Ching

Ain't about the (yeah) Ba-Bling Ba-Bling

Wanna make the world dance,

Forget about the price tag.

[Jessie J]

We need to take it back in time,

When music made us all unite!

And it wasn't low blows and video hoes,

Am I the only one getting tired?

Why is everybody so obsessed?

Money can't buy us happiness

Can we all slow down and enjoy right now

Guarantee we'll be feeling alright

[Pre-chorus]

[Chorus]

[B.o.B]

Yeah yeah

Well, keep the price tag

And take the cash back

Just give me six strings and a half stack

And you can, can keep the cars

Leave me the garage

And all I, yes all I need

Are keys and guitars

And guess what, in 30 seconds

I'm leaving to Mars

Yeah we leaving across

These undefeatable odds

It's like this man

You can't put a price on a life

We do this for the love

So we fight and sacrifice

Every night

So we ain't gonna stumble and fall

Never

Waiting to see a sign of defeat

Uh uh

So we gonna keep everyone

Moving their feet

So bring back the beat

And then everyone sing

It's not about the money

[Chorus 2x]

[Jessie J ‒ Outro]

Yeah yeah

Oh-oh

Forget about the price tag